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The desalination process's energy consumption depends on the water's salinity. Brackish water desalination requires less energy than seawater desalination. [82] The energy intensity of seawater desalination has improved: It is now about 3 kWh/m 3 (in 2018), down by a factor of 10 from 20-30 kWh/m 3 in 1970.
Multi-stage flash distillation (MSF) is a water desalination process that distills sea water by flashing a portion of the water into steam in multiple stages of what are essentially countercurrent heat exchangers. Current MSF facilities may have as many as 30 stages. [1]
Multiple-effect distillation or multi-effect distillation (MED) is a distillation process often used for sea water desalination. It consists of multiple stages or "effects". In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes, usually by spraying saline water onto them.
The first method utilizes an ejector system motivated by steam at manometric pressure from an external source in order to recycle vapor from the desalination process. The form is designated ejectocompression or thermocompression. Using the second method, water vapor is compressed by means of a mechanical device, electrically driven in most cases.
The design for cooling the microclimate primarily consists of humidification and dehumidification (HD) desalination process or multiple-effect humidification. [9] A simple seawater greenhouse consists of two evaporative coolers (evaporators), a condenser, fans, seawater and distilled water pipes and crops in between the two evaporators. [10]
Seawater desalination plants have produced potable water for many years. However, until recently desalination had been used only in special circumstances because of the high energy consumption of the process. [citation needed] Early designs for desalination plants made use of various evaporation technologies.
Dewvaporation is a novel desalination technology developed at Arizona State University (Tempe) as an energy efficient tool for freshwater procurement and saline waste stream management. The system has relatively low installation costs and low operation and maintenance requirements. [1]
The first system type is a so-called compact system, designed to produce a drinking water output of 100–120 litres per day (26–32 US gal/d) from sea-or brackish water. The main aim of the system design is a simple, self-sufficient, low maintenance and robust plant for target markets in arid and semi-arid areas of low infrastructure.