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As dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium is an anaerobic respiration process, marine microorganisms capable of performing DNRA are most commonly found in environments low in O 2, such as oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the water column, or sediments with steep O 2 gradients. [11] [12] The oceanic nitrogen cycle with the role of DNRA.
ANFO (/ ˈ æ n f oʊ / AN-foh) [1] (or AN/FO, for ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) is a widely used bulk industrial high explosive. It consists of 94% porous prilled ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) (AN), which acts as the oxidizing agent and absorbent for the fuel, and 6% number 2 fuel oil (FO). [ 2 ]
The following table lists the Van der Waals constants (from the Van der Waals equation) for a number of common gases and volatile liquids. [ 1 ] To convert from L 2 b a r / m o l 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {L^{2}bar/mol^{2}} } to L 2 k P a / m o l 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {L^{2}kPa/mol^{2}} } , multiply by 100.
One process utilizes fast growing nitrifiers utilizing nitrification of ammonia to nitrite and Anammox which is the denitrification of nitrite to atmospheric nitrogen using ammonia as an electron donor. The combination of the two processes allows for a more efficient conversion of ammonia and prevents a buildup of nitrate in the water.
In applications that use exhaust gas boilers, ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate can accumulate on the boiler tubes, reducing steam output and increasing exhaust back-pressure. In marine applications, this can increase fresh water requirements as the boiler must be continuously washed to remove the deposits.
When it is injected into the hot exhaust gas stream, the water evaporates and the urea thermally decomposes [13] to form ammonia (NH 3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO): (NH 2) 2 CO → NH 3 + HNCO. The isocyanic acid reacts with the water vapor and hydrolyses to carbon dioxide and ammonia: HNCO + H 2 O → CO 2 + NH 3. Overall, thus far: (NH 2) 2 CO ...
Nitrification is important in agricultural systems, where fertilizer is often applied as ammonia. Conversion of this ammonia to nitrate increases nitrogen leaching because nitrate is more water-soluble than ammonia. Nitrification also plays an important role in the removal of nitrogen from municipal wastewater.
A maximum ammonium removal rate of 0.4 kg N/m 3 /d was achieved. It was shown that for every mole of ammonium consumed, 0.6 mol of nitrate was required, resulting in the formation of 0.8 mol of N 2 gas. In 1995, the biological nature of anammox was identified. [27] Labeling experiments with 15 NH + 4 in combination with 14 NO − 3 showed that ...