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The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. [1] In the human brain the brainstem is composed of the midbrain , the pons , and the medulla oblongata . [ 1 ]
The human cerebellum is located at the base of the brain, with the large mass of the cerebrum above it, and the portion of the brainstem called the pons in front of it. It is separated from the overlying cerebrum by a layer of tough dura mater called the cerebellar tentorium; all of its connections with other parts of the brain travel through the pons.
These areas receive input from the sensory areas and lower parts of the brain and are involved in the complex cognitive processes of perception, thought, and decision-making. [24] The main functions of the frontal lobe are to control attention, abstract thinking, behaviour, problem-solving tasks, and physical reactions and personality.
Vestibular nerve (part of cranial nerve 8) – the main equilibrioception-related cranial nerve; Peripheral chemoreceptor in the brain – monitors the carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the brain Chemoreceptor trigger zone – area in the brain that receives inputs from drugs and hormones, and controls vomiting
Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain) BrainMaps.org; BrainInfo (University of Washington) "Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021. "Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.
The primary function of the basal ganglia appears to be action selection: they send inhibitory signals to all parts of the brain that can generate motor behaviors, and in the right circumstances can release the inhibition, so that the action-generating systems are able to execute their actions. Reward and punishment exert their most important ...
The human cerebellum changes with age. These changes may differ from those of other parts of the brain. The cerebellum is the youngest brain region (and body part) in centenarians according to an epigenetic biomarker of tissue age known as epigenetic clock: it is about 15 years younger than expected in a centenarian. [61]
The cerebellar peduncles are three paired bundles of fibres that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem. [1] Superior cerebellar peduncle is a paired structure of white matter that connects the cerebellum to the mid-brain. Middle cerebellar peduncles connect the cerebellum to the pons and are composed entirely of centripetal fibers.