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Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in electric multiple units trains. For example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in series (total 560 volts) plus a resistor to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for train lighting were superseded, first by motor-generators, then by solid state devices.
Series RL, parallel C circuit with resistance in series with the inductor is the standard model for a self-resonant inductor. A series resistor with the inductor in a parallel LC circuit as shown in Figure 4 is a topology commonly encountered where there is a need to take into account the resistance of the coil winding and its self-capacitance.
For example, a 10 ohm resistor connected in parallel with a 5 ohm resistor and a 15 ohm resistor produces 1 / 1/10 + 1/5 + 1/15 ohms of resistance, or 30 / 11 = 2.727 ohms. A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other.
The star-to-delta and series-resistor transformations are special cases of the general resistor network node elimination algorithm. Any node connected by N resistors (R 1 … R N) to nodes 1 … N can be replaced by () resistors interconnecting the remaining N nodes. The resistance between any two nodes x, y is given by:
Source transformations are easy to compute using Ohm's law.If there is a voltage source in series with an impedance, it is possible to find the value of the equivalent current source in parallel with the impedance by dividing the value of the voltage source by the value of the impedance.
The resistance is measured after replacing all voltage- and current-sources with their internal resistances. That means an ideal voltage source is replaced with a short circuit, and an ideal current source is replaced with an open circuit. Resistance can then be calculated across the terminals using the formulae for series and parallel circuits ...
A network with two components or branches has only two possible topologies: series and parallel. Figure 1.2. Series and parallel topologies with two branches. Even for these simplest of topologies, the circuit can be presented in varying ways. Figure 1.3. All these topologies are identical. Series topology is a general name.
These include resistors in series, resistors in parallel and the extension to series and parallel circuits for capacitors, inductors and general impedances. Also well known are the Norton and Thévenin equivalent current generator and voltage generator circuits respectively, as is the Y-Δ transform. None of these are discussed in detail here ...