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According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), matriarchy is a "form of social organization in which the mother or oldest female is the head of the family, and descent and relationship are reckoned through the female line; government or rule by a woman or women."
A maternal effect is a situation where the phenotype of an organism is determined not only by the environment it experiences and its genotype, but also by the environment and genotype of its mother. In genetics , maternal effects occur when an organism shows the phenotype expected from the genotype of the mother, irrespective of its own ...
She asks whether a "good mother" trains her son to be competitive, individualistic, and comfortable within the hierarchies of patriarchy, knowing that he may likely be economically successful but a mean person, or whether she resists patriarchal ideologies and socializes her son to be cooperative and communal but economically unsuccessful.
The word is derived from Greek πατριάρχης (patriarchēs), [2] meaning "chief or father of a family", [3] a compound of πατριά (patria), [4] meaning "family", and ἄρχειν (archein), [5] meaning "to rule". [3] [6] [7] [8] Originally, a patriarch was a man who exercised autocratic authority as a pater familias over an ...
Foster's rule, the island rule, or the island effect states that members of a species get smaller or bigger depending on the resources available in the environment. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The rule was first stated by J. Bristol Foster in 1964 in the journal Nature , in an article titled "The evolution of mammals on islands".
The Coolidge effect is attributed to an increase in dopamine levels and the subsequent effect upon an animal's limbic system. [15] In a study conducted by Fiorino et al., male rats were used to study the role of the mesolimbic dopamine system on their sexual behaviour. [ 15 ]
In evolution, cooperation is the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits. It is commonly defined as any adaptation that has evolved, at least in part, to increase the reproductive success of the actor's social partners. [1]
Mutualism is an interaction between two or more species, where species derive a mutual benefit, for example an increased carrying capacity. Similar interactions within a species are known as co-operation. Mutualism may be classified in terms of the closeness of association, the closest being symbiosis, which is often confused with mutualism.