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Keynesian economics therefore acted as a middle-way for many developed liberal capitalist economies to appease the working class in lieu of a socialist revolution. [15] Keynes himself also argued against the creation of a class war, noting that "[t]he class war will find me on the side of the educated bourgeoisie". [16]
While the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally communist state led to communism's widespread association with the Soviet economic model and Marxism–Leninism, [46] [47] [48] some economists and intellectuals argued that in practice the model functioned as a form of state capitalism, [49] [50] [51] or a non-planned ...
Marxian economics—particularly in academia—is distinguished from Marxism as a political ideology, as well as from the normative aspects of Marxist thought: this reflects the view that Marx's original approach to understanding economics and economic development is intellectually independent from his own advocacy of revolutionary socialism.
In Marxist theory, the state is "the institution of organised violence which is used by the ruling class of a country to maintain the conditions of its rule. Thus, it is only in a society which is divided between hostile social classes that the state exists". [15] The state is seen as a mechanism dominated by the interests of the ruling class.
The difference between the average value of wages and the value of national output per worker did not imply the existence of surplus value since it was part of a consciously formulated plan for the development of society. [93] The presence of inequality in the socialist planned economies did not imply that an exploiting class existed.
Marx differentiated between base and superstructure, where the base (or substructure) is the economic system and superstructure is the cultural and political system. [251] Marx regarded this mismatch between economic base and social superstructure as a major source of social disruption and conflict. [251]
Liberal socialism opposes laissez-faire-style economic liberalism and state socialism. [5] It considers both liberty and equality as compatible with each other and mutually needed to achieve greater economic equality that is necessary to achieve greater economic liberty. [1]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 November 2024. Economic and sociopolitical worldview For the political ideology commonly associated with states governed by communist parties, see Marxism–Leninism. Karl Marx, after whom Marxism is named Part of a series on Marxism Theoretical works Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 The ...