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The Monroe–Kellie doctrine states that the skull is a fixed and inelastic space and the accumulation of edema will compress vital brain tissue and blood vessels. [8] [38] Surgical treatment of cerebral edema in the context of cerebellar or cerebral infarction is typically done by removing part of the skull to allow expansion of the dura. [38]
[7] [10] Vasogenic edema is also characteristic of BTBGD. [5] Additional MRI findings include high T 2 signal intensity with possible swelling in basal ganglia, and abnormal diffuse involvement of the subcortical white matter, cortical, and infratentorial brain. [5] [11] Involvement in the thalami, brain stem, and cerebellum may also be ...
Symptoms of a brainstem stroke frequently include sudden vertigo and ataxia, with or without weakness. Brainstem stroke can also cause diplopia, slurred speech and decreased level of consciousness. A more serious outcome is locked-in syndrome. [citation needed]
Of those who have residual symptoms after PRES, this is attributable largely to hemorrhage. [1] [4] Non-resolution of MRI abnormalities has been linked with poorer outcomes. [4] The presence of brain hemorrhage and cytotoxic edema (brain edema with concomittant brain tissue damage) is also associated with a poor prognosis. [2]
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude. It generally appears in patients who have acute mountain sickness and involves disorientation, lethargy, and nausea among other symptoms.
Leukoencephalopathy with Brainstem and Spinal Cord Involvement and Lactate Elevation (LBSL) is a rare, hereditary neurodegenerative disease.The disease is characterized by slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and spasticity with dorsal column dysfunction (decreased position and vibration sense) in most individuals. [1]
The diagnosis is based on symptoms and a high opening pressure found during a lumbar puncture with no specific cause found on a brain scan. [1] [2] Treatment includes a healthy diet, salt restriction, and exercise. [2] The medication acetazolamide may also be used along with the above measures. [2]
The brain stem is involved in maintaining basic life functions such as breathing, swallowing, and circulation; the basal ganglia and cerebellum control movement and balance. Damage to these areas therefore results in the major symptoms of Leigh syndrome—loss of control over functions controlled by these areas.