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  2. Recrystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)

    Once single perfect crystals have been obtained, it is recommended that the crystals are kept in a sealed vessel with some of the liquid of crystallization to prevent the crystal from 'drying out'. Single perfect crystals may contain solvent of crystallization in the crystal lattice. Loss of this internal solvent from the crystals can result in ...

  3. Crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallization

    Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, cooling rate, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation. Crystallization occurs in two major steps.

  4. Cold water extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_water_extraction

    Cold water extraction (also called CWE) is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold water. It is a type of fractional crystallization . The process generally involves taking a mixture of substances, dissolving them in warm water, and then rapidly cooling the mixture.

  5. List of purification methods in chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_purification...

    The process thus in its essence is similar to distillation, however the material which is condensed on the cooler surface then has to be removed mechanically, thus requiring different laboratory equipment. Bioleaching is the extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms. Separation process. From Crystallization

  6. Fractional crystallization (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_crystallization...

    Draining: After the formation of the crystals, the next step is to remove the residual liquid that contains a higher concentration of impurities. This process of draining helps to separate the pure crystals from the impure liquid. Sweating: This phase is a controlled partial melting process. It further purifies the product by melting only a ...

  7. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation. Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can ...

  8. Fractional freezing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_freezing

    Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freezing or progressive freezing.

  9. Vacuum evaporation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_evaporation

    This process is used industrially to make such food products as evaporated milk for milk chocolate and tomato paste for ketchup. Vacuum evaporation plant vacuum pans in a beet sugar factory. In the sugar industry vacuum evaporation is used in the crystallization of sucrose solutions. Traditionally this process was performed in batch mode, but ...