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Within the human body, biofilms are present on the teeth as dental plaque, where they may cause tooth decay and gum disease. These biofilms can either be in an uncalcified state that can be removed by dental instruments, or a calcified state which is more difficult to remove. Removal techniques can also include antimicrobials. [75]
Unlike other parts of the body, tooth surfaces are uniquely hard and non shedding. Therefore, the warm and moist environment of the mouth and the presence of teeth, makes a good environment for growth and development of dental plaque. [13] The main ecological factors that contribute to plaque formation are pH, saliva, temperature and redox ...
Other than chemicals, enzymes have been used to degrade the biofilm matrix and eject biofilm cells forcibly. First shown in P. aeruginosa, a glycosyl hydrolase PslG can trigger biofilm disassembly by disrupting exopolysaccharide matrix in biofilms effectively and can be used in combination with antibiotics to kill the cells released from biofilms.
Replication of early colonizers will be facilitated by the presence of organic molecules in the matrix which will provide nutrients to the algal cells. As the colonizers are reproducing, the biofilm grows and becomes a 3-dimensional structure. [56] Microalgal biofilms consist of 90% EPS and 10% algal cells.
Biofilms can consist of a multitude of bacteria, fungi, and algae which are able to absorb, immobilize, and degrade many common pollutants found in wastewater.By harnessing a natural phenomenon, biofilm-mediated remediation is an environmentally friendly method for environmental cleanup. [3]
By Krystal Hu and Kenrick Cai (Reuters) -Elon Musk's SpaceX is preparing to launch a tender offer in December to sell existing shares at a price of $135 per share, two sources familiar with the ...
Human composting is emerging as an end-of-life alternative that is friendlier to the climate and the Earth — it is far less carbon-intensive than cremation and doesn’t use chemicals involved ...
Various commercially available mouth rinses have been tested for their inhibitory effects on biofilm formation over a 24-hour period. [3] By slowing the formation of biofilms, individuals who use Biotène may reduce the risk of dental caries and other oral diseases that can arise from xerostomia and bacterial accumulation, thus improving both ...