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Enantiotopic groups are identical and indistinguishable except in chiral environments. For instance, the CH 2 hydrogens in ethanol (CH 3 CH 2 OH) are normally enantiotopic, but can be made different (diastereotopic) if combined with a chiral center, for instance by conversion to an ester of a chiral carboxylic acid such as lactic acid, or if coordinated to a chiral metal center, or if ...
Pie charts of typical human body composition by percent of mass, and by percent of atomic composition (atomic percent) Body composition may be analyzed in various ways. This can be done in terms of the chemical elements present, or by molecular structure e.g., water , protein , fats (or lipids ), hydroxyapatite (in bones), carbohydrates (such ...
In cell respiration, the proton pump uses energy to transport protons from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the inter-membrane space. [1] It is an active pump that generates a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, because there are more protons outside the matrix than inside.
While there are many examples of channels within the human body, two notable ones are sodium and potassium channels. Potassium channels are typically involved in the transport of potassium ions across the cell membrane to the outside of the cell, which helps maintain the negative membrane potential of cells. As there are more potassium channels ...
This mechanism was finally confirmed when the first structure of an ion channel was elucidated. A bacterial potassium channel KcsA, consisting of just the selectivity filter, "P" loop, and two transmembrane helices was used as a model to study the permeability and the selectivity of ion channels in the Mackinnon lab.
A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of two (or more) different molecules across the cell membrane in the same direction. The symporter works in the plasma membrane and molecules are transported across the cell membrane at the same time, and is, therefore, a type of cotransporter .
World Trade Organization members failed to agree on reforms to revive a broken trade dispute settlement system during the last General Council meeting before U.S. President-elect Donald Trump ...
The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na + ) is a commonly cotransported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its ...