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  2. Carbocation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation

    A carbocation is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom. Among the simplest examples are the methenium CH + 3, methanium CH + 5, acylium ions RCO +, and vinyl C ...

  3. Fumarase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarase

    There are two classes of fumarases, class I and class II. [7] Classification depends on the arrangement of their relative subunits, their metal ion requirement, and their thermal stability. Class I fumarases are change state or become inactive when subjected to heat or radiation, are sensitive to superoxide anion, are iron (Fe 2+ ) dependent ...

  4. Ring expansion and contraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_expansion_and_contraction

    The cationic rearrangement contraction proceeds through the loss of a leaving group and the migration of an endocyclic bond to the carbocation. Pinacol type rearrangements are often used for this type of contraction. [20] Like the expansion reaction this proceeds with an electron donating group aiding in the migration.

  5. Substitution reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_reaction

    In the first step, the leaving group departs, forming a carbocation (C +). In the second step, the nucleophilic reagent (Nuc:) attaches to the carbocation and forms a covalent sigma bond. If the substrate has a chiral carbon, this mechanism can result in either inversion of the stereochemistry or retention of configuration. Usually, both occur ...

  6. Carbonium ion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium_ion

    The 2-Norbornyl cation is one of the best characterized carbonium ion. It is the prototype for non-classical ions. As indicated first by low-temperature NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by X-ray crystallography, [1] it has a symmetric structure with an RCH 2 + group bonded to an alkene group, stabilized by a bicyclic structure.

  7. Decay technique - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_technique

    The carbocation then can interact with surrounding molecules in many reactions that cannot be achieved by other means. When formed within a rarefied gas, the carbocation and its reactions can be studied by mass spectrometry techniques. However the technique can be used also in condensed matter (liquids and solids).

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  9. Reaction intermediate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_intermediate

    E1 and E2 are two different mechanisms for elimination reactions, and E1 involves a carbocation intermediate. In E1, a leaving group detaches from a carbon to form a carbocation reaction intermediate. Then, a solvent removes a proton, but the electrons used to form the proton bond form a pi bond, as shown in the pictured reaction on the right. [4]