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1858: Treatise on Algebra (6th ed., 1871) 1858: Examples of Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions (3rd ed., 1873) 1858: Treatise on Plane Coordinate Geometry (3rd ed., 1861) 1859: Plane Trigonometry (4th ed., 1869) 1859: Spherical Trigonometry, substantially revised by J. G. Leathem (1901) 1861: History of the Calculus of Variations (1861)
The word "algebra" is derived from the Arabic word الجبر al-jabr, and this comes from the treatise written in the year 830 by the medieval Persian mathematician, Al-Khwārizmī, whose Arabic title, Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala, can be translated as The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing.
The state of trigonometry advanced during the Song dynasty (960–1279), when Chinese mathematicians had greater need of spherical trigonometry in calendrical science and astronomical calculations. [32] Shen Kuo used trigonometric functions to solve mathematical problems of chords and arcs. [32]
Trigonometry was also prevalent in Kushite mathematics. [1] Systematic study of trigonometric functions began in Hellenistic mathematics , reaching India as part of Hellenistic astronomy . [ 2 ] In Indian astronomy , the study of trigonometric functions flourished in the Gupta period , especially due to Aryabhata (sixth century AD), who ...
Trigonometry (from Ancient Greek τρίγωνον (trígōnon) 'triangle' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure') [1] is a branch of mathematics concerned with relationships between angles and side lengths of triangles.
Bhaskara Acharya writes the “Bijaganita” (“Algebra”), which is the first text that recognizes that a positive number has two square roots 1130: Al-Samawal gives a definition of algebra: “[it is concerned] with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known.” [16] c ...
Algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies certain abstract systems, known as algebraic structures, and the manipulation of expressions within those systems. It is a generalization of arithmetic that introduces variables and algebraic operations other than the standard arithmetic operations, such as addition and multiplication.
Al-Khwarizmi's algebra is regarded as the foundation and cornerstone of the sciences. In a sense, al-Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called "the father of algebra" than Diophantus because al-Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers. [53]
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