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In SGML, HTML and XML documents, the logical constructs known as character data and attribute values consist of sequences of characters, in which each character can manifest directly (representing itself), or can be represented by a series of characters called a character reference, of which there are two types: a numeric character reference and a character entity reference.
Incorrect HTML entity escaping may also open up security vulnerabilities for injection attacks such as cross-site scripting. If HTML attributes are left unquoted, certain characters, most importantly whitespace, such as space and tab, must be escaped using entities. Other languages related to HTML have their own methods of escaping characters.
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset ...
A numeric character reference (NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used.
The less-than sign with the equals sign, <=, may be used for an approximation of the less-than-or-equal-to sign, ≤. ASCII does not have a less-than-or-equal-to sign, but Unicode defines it at code point U+2264. In BASIC, Lisp-family languages, and C-family languages (including Java and C++), operator <= means "less than
fullwidth less-than sign u+ff1d ＝ fullwidth equals sign u+ff1e ＞ fullwidth greater-than sign u+ff3c \ fullwidth reverse solidus u+ff3e ^ fullwidth circumflex accent u+ff5c ｜ fullwidth vertical line u+ff5e ～ fullwidth tilde u+ffe2 ￢ fullwidth not sign u+ffe9 ￩ halfwidth leftwards arrow u+ffea ￪ halfwidth upwards arrow u+ffeb ...
An SGML or XML DTD may also include entity declarations in which the token CDATA is used to indicate that entity consists of character data. The character data may appear within the declaration itself or may be available externally, referenced by a URI. In either case, character reference and parameter entity reference markup is allowed in the ...
Other references for entity names should be shown for historical reasons since some entity names have been associated with different characters over time (examples are 'lang' and 'rang' from U+2329 and U+232A to U+27E8 and U+27E9 respectively). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Joejava (talk • contribs) 17:04, 16 November 2012 (UTC)