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2. Washout (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washout_(aeronautics)

   (This can be described as aerodynamic wash-in.) Winglets also promote a greater bending moment at the wing root, possibly necessitating a heavier wing structure. Installation of winglets may necessitate greater aerodynamic washout in order to provide the required resistance to spinning, or to optimise the spanwise lift distribution.

3. Lift-to-drag ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio

   In aerodynamics, the lift-to-drag ratio (or L/D ratio) is the lift generated by an aerodynamic body such as an aerofoil or aircraft, divided by the aerodynamic drag caused by moving through air. It describes the aerodynamic efficiency under given flight conditions. The L/D ratio for any given body will vary according to these flight conditions.

4. Closed wing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_wing

   Nonplanar wings: results for the optimal aerodynamic efficiency ratio ε. The parameter ε is the optimal aerodynamic efficiency ratio [25] and represents the ratio between the aerodynamic efficiency of a given non-planar wing and the corresponding efficiency of a reference classical cantilevered wing with the same wing span and total lift ...

5. Glossary of aerospace engineering - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace...

   Aerodynamics – is the study of the motion of air, particularly with respect to its interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. Aerodynamics is a sub-field of gas dynamics, which in turn is a sub-field of fluid dynamics. Many aspects and principles of aerodynamics theory are common to these three fields.

6. Lift-induced drag - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift-induced_drag

   A wing of infinite span and uniform airfoil segment (or a 2D wing) would experience no induced drag. [11] The drag characteristics of a wing with infinite span can be simulated using an airfoil segment the width of a wind tunnel. [12] An increase in wingspan or a solution with a similar effect is one way to reduce induced drag.

7. Aspect ratio (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(aeronautics)

   Thus, a long, narrow wing has a high aspect ratio, whereas a short, wide wing has a low aspect ratio. [ 1 ] Aspect ratio and other features of the planform are often used to predict the aerodynamic efficiency of a wing because the lift-to-drag ratio increases with aspect ratio, improving the fuel economy in powered airplanes and the gliding ...

8. Oswald efficiency number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_efficiency_number

   For conventional fixed-wing aircraft with moderate aspect ratio and sweep, Oswald efficiency number with wing flaps retracted is typically between 0.7 and 0.85. At supersonic speeds, Oswald efficiency number decreases substantially. For example, at Mach 1.2 Oswald efficiency number is likely to be between 0.3 and 0.5. [1]

9. Subsonic aircraft - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsonic_aircraft

   The aerodynamic efficiency of a wing is described by its lift/drag ratio, with a wing giving high lift for little drag being the most efficient. A higher aspect ratio gives a higher lift/drag ratio and so is more efficient.