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An estimation of the CAPM and the security market line (purple) for the Dow Jones Industrial Average over 3 years for monthly data.. In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
As in the formula above, the equity risk premium depends on the returns of other available investments (such as the S&P 500) and the volatility of the asset in question.
The risk premium is used extensively in finance in areas such as asset pricing, portfolio allocation and risk management. [2] Two fundamental aspects of finance, being equity and debt instruments, require the use and interpretation of associated risk premiums with the inputs for each explained below:
It is commonly computed using the capital asset pricing model formula: Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Premium expected for risk Cost of equity = Risk free rate of return + Beta × (market rate of return – risk free rate of return) where Beta = sensitivity to movements in the relevant market. Thus in symbols we have
E(R M) is an expected return on market portfolio M β is a nondiversifiable or systematic risk R M is a market rate of return R f is a risk-free rate. When used in portfolio management, the SML represents the investment's opportunity cost (investing in a combination of the market portfolio and the risk-free asset). All the correctly priced ...
Jensen's alpha was first used as a measure in the evaluation of mutual fund managers by Michael Jensen in 1968. [2] The CAPM return is supposed to be 'risk adjusted', which means it takes account of the relative riskiness of the asset. This is based on the concept that riskier assets should have higher expected returns than less risky assets.
These principles are interrelated [2] through the fundamental theorem of asset pricing. Here, "in the absence of arbitrage, the market imposes a probability distribution, called a risk-neutral or equilibrium measure, on the set of possible market scenarios, and... this probability measure determines market prices via discounted expectation". [8]
The Fama–MacBeth regression is a method used to estimate parameters for asset pricing models such as the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The method estimates the betas and risk premia for any risk factors that are expected to determine asset prices.