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The alternative, appending the key using MAC = H(message ∥ key), suffers from the problem that an attacker who can find a collision in the (unkeyed) hash function has a collision in the MAC (as two messages m1 and m2 yielding the same hash will provide the same start condition to the hash function before the appended key is hashed, hence the ...
LM hash is a compromised protocol and has been replaced by NTLM hash. Most versions of Windows can be configured to disable the creation and storage of valid LM hashes when the user changes their password. Windows Vista and later versions of Windows disable LM hash by default.
Ophcrack is a free open-source (GPL licensed) program that cracks Windows log-in passwords by using LM hashes through rainbow tables.The program includes the ability to import the hashes from a variety of formats, including dumping directly from the SAM files of Windows, and can be run via the command line or using the program’s GUI (Graphical user interface).
In KeePass 1.x (KDB database format), the integrity of the data is checked using a SHA-256 hash of the plaintext, whereas in KeePass 2.x (KDBX database format), the authenticity of the data is ensured using a HMAC-SHA-256 hash of the ciphertext (Encrypt-then-MAC construction).
The simplest such pairwise independent hash function is defined by the random key, key = (a, b), and the MAC tag for a message m is computed as tag = (am + b) mod p, where p is prime. More generally, k -independent hashing functions provide a secure message authentication code as long as the key is used less than k times for k -ways independent ...
A password to encrypt a document restricts opening and viewing it. This is possible in all Microsoft Office applications. Since Office 2007, they are hard to break if a sufficiently complex password was chosen. [citation needed] If the password can be determined through social engineering, the underlying cipher is not important.
HMAC-based one-time password (HOTP) is a one-time password (OTP) algorithm based on HMAC. It is a cornerstone of the Initiative for Open Authentication (OATH). HOTP was published as an informational IETF RFC 4226 in December 2005, documenting the algorithm along with a Java implementation. Since then, the algorithm has been adopted by many ...
LastPass for password hashing. [6] [7] 1Password for password hashing. [8] Enpass for password hashing. [9] Dashlane for password hashing. [10] [11] Bitwarden for password hashing. [12] Standard Notes for password hashing. [13] Apple's iOS mobile operating system, for protecting user passcodes and passwords. [14] Mac OS X Mountain Lion for user ...