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The high probability instruction (HPI) treatment is a behaviorist treatment based on the idea of positive reinforcement. It consists of the idea of reinforcing an instruction with a low probability of compliance by using the reinforcement of an instruction with a high probability.
The Premack principle may be violated if a situation or schedule of reinforcement provides much more of the high-probability behavior than of the low-probability behavior. Such observations led the team of Timberlake and Allison (1974) to propose the response deprivation hypothesis. [ 5 ]
For the following definitions, two examples will be used. The first is the problem of character recognition given an array of bits encoding a binary-valued image. The other example is the problem of finding an interval that will correctly classify points within the interval as positive and the points outside of the range as negative.
ABA is an applied science devoted to developing procedures which will produce observable changes in behavior. [3] [9] It is to be distinguished from the experimental analysis of behavior, which focuses on basic experimental research, [10] but it uses principles developed by such research, in particular operant conditioning and classical conditioning.
The distributional learning theory or learning of probability distribution is a framework in computational learning theory.It has been proposed from Michael Kearns, Yishay Mansour, Dana Ron, Ronitt Rubinfeld, Robert Schapire and Linda Sellie in 1994 [1] and it was inspired from the PAC-framework introduced by Leslie Valiant.
As proposed in the original paper, [3] a sparse Dirichlet prior can be used to model the topic-word distribution, following the intuition that the probability distribution over words in a topic is skewed, so that only a small set of words have high probability. The resulting model is the most widely applied variant of LDA today.
During the twentieth century, mathematics education was established as an independent field of research. Main events in this development include the following: In 1893, a Chair in mathematics education was created at the University of Göttingen, under the administration of Felix Klein.
It is usually elicited using the oddball paradigm, in which low-probability target items are mixed with high-probability non-target (or "standard") items. When recorded by electroencephalography (EEG), it surfaces as a positive deflection in voltage with a latency (delay between stimulus and response) of roughly 250 to 500 ms. [ 3 ]