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Radical elimination can be viewed as the reverse of radical addition. In radical elimination, an unstable radical compound breaks down into a spin-paired molecule and a new radical compound. Shown below is an example of a radical elimination reaction, where a benzoyloxy radical breaks down into a phenyl radical and a carbon dioxide molecule. [7]
The hydroxyl radical can damage virtually all types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, nucleic acids , lipids (lipid peroxidation) and amino acids (e.g. conversion of Phe to m-Tyrosine and o-Tyrosine). The hydroxyl radical has a very short in vivo half-life of approximately 10 −9 seconds and a high reactivity. [5]
Both the negatively charged anion HO −, called hydroxide, and the neutral radical HO·, known as the hydroxyl radical, consist of an unbonded hydroxy group. According to IUPAC definitions, the term hydroxyl refers to the hydroxyl radical (·OH) only, while the functional group −OH is called a hydroxy group. [1]
Another example is Kolbe electrolysis. Radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a special case of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Carbon–carbon coupling reactions, for example manganese-mediated coupling reactions. Elimination reactions; Free radicals can be formed by photochemical reaction and thermal fission reaction or by ...
Stable and persistent phosphorus radicals are phosphorus-centred radicals that are isolable and can exist for at least short periods of time. [1] Radicals consisting of main group elements are often very reactive and undergo uncontrollable reactions, notably dimerization and polymerization . [ 2 ]
The basic steps in any free-radical process (the radical chain mechanism) divide into: [2] Radical initiation: A radical is created from a non-radical precursor. Chain propagation: A radical reacts with a non-radical to produce a new radical species; Chain termination: Two radicals react with each other to create a non-radical species
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A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics.