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AWHONN also publishes multiple evidence-based nursing guidelines for use by nurses caring for women and newborns. These evidence-based guidelines cover topics like fetal heart rate monitoring , labor induction , neonatal skin care, [ 4 ] care of the late preterm infant, [ 5 ] breastfeeding , HPV counseling, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia , nursing ...
Both tests cost approximately US$325. A third online certification is C-EFM (Electronic Fetal Monitoring). It is open to licensed registered nurses, nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, physicians, physician assistants, and paramedics, according to the US and Canada requirements. [8]
Modern-day CTG was developed and introduced in the 1950s and early 1960s by Edward Hon, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Konrad Hammacher. The first commercial fetal monitor (Hewlett-Packard 8020A) was released in 1968. [1] CTG monitoring is widely used to assess fetal well-being by identifying babies at risk of hypoxia (lack of oxygen). [2]
Montevideo units are a method of measuring uterine performance during labor.They were created in 1949 by two physicians, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Hermogenes Alvarez, from Montevideo, Uruguay.
The use of fetal scalp blood testing originated in Germany in 1961 and required 0.25 mL of blood drawn from the fetus. [1] As one of the first methods of monitoring fetal wellbeing during labor, there were many disadvantages including the need for at least 3 cm dilation of the mother and extreme precision from the physician performing the procedure. [9]
The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a Doppler or fetal Doppler. It may be classified as a form of Doppler ultrasonography (although usually not technically -graphy but rather sound-generating). Doppler fetal monitors provide information about the fetus similar to that provided by a fetal stethoscope. One advantage of the ...
Requires a maternal blood draw. Based on DNA of fetal origin circulating in the maternal blood. Testing can potentially identify fetal aneuploidy [54] (available in the United States, beginning 2011) and gender of a fetus as early as six weeks into a pregnancy. Fetal DNA ranges from about 2–10% of the total DNA in maternal blood.
A kick chart is a form or graph used by a pregnant woman in the later stages to record the activity of her fetus. [1] If too few kicks are felt within a specified time (usually 12 hours) this could indicate a problem.