Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
Wulff construction. The surface free energy is shown in red, with in black normals to lines from the origin to .The inner envelope is the Wulff shape, shown in blue. The Wulff construction is a method to determine the equilibrium shape of a droplet or crystal of fixed volume inside a separate phase (usually its saturated solution or vapor).
The term "particle" in this context refers to gaseous particles only (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium. [1] The energies of such particles follow what is known as Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics , and the statistical distribution of speeds is derived by equating particle ...
This is used to randomly generate events closely mimicking experimental data. This is called event generation, the first step in the complete chain of event simulation. The initial and final state particles can be elementary particles like electrons, muons, or photons but also partons (protons and neutrons).
Equilibrium thermal distributions for particles with integer spin (bosons), half integer spin (fermions), and classical (spinless) particles. Average occupancy is shown versus energy relative to the system chemical potential , where is the system temperature, and is the Boltzmann constant.
In quantum mechanics, the results of the quantum particle in a box can be used to look at the equilibrium situation for a quantum ideal gas in a box which is a box containing a large number of molecules which do not interact with each other except for instantaneous thermalizing collisions.
For instance, the particles are assumed to be pointlike, i.e. without having a finite size. There exists a generalization of the Boltzmann equation that is called the Enskog equation. [22] The collision term is modified in Enskog equations such that particles have a finite size, for example they can be modelled as spheres having a fixed radius.
Plasma theories such as magnetohydrodynamics may assume the particles to be in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this case, the distribution function is Maxwellian. This distribution function allows fluid flow and different temperatures in the directions parallel to, and perpendicular to, the local magnetic field.
Schematic of D2Q9 lattice vectors for 2D Lattice Boltzmann. Unlike CFD methods that solve the conservation equations of macroscopic properties (i.e., mass, momentum, and energy) numerically, LBM models the fluid consisting of fictive particles, and such particles perform consecutive propagation and collision processes over a discrete lattice.