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In physics and engineering, a free body diagram (FBD; also called a force diagram) [1] is a graphical illustration used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and resulting reactions on a free body in a given condition. It depicts a body or connected bodies with all the applied forces and moments, and reactions, which act on the body(ies).
Re is the real axis, Im is the imaginary axis, and i is the "imaginary unit", that satisfies i 2 = −1. In mathematics, a complex number is an element of a number system that extends the real numbers with a specific element denoted i, called the imaginary unit and satisfying the equation =; every complex number can be expressed in the form ...
The concept of the complex plane allows a geometric interpretation of complex numbers. Under addition , they add like vectors . The multiplication of two complex numbers can be expressed most easily in polar coordinates — the magnitude or modulus of the product is the product of the two absolute values , or moduli, and the angle or argument ...
x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula , e ix , which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x , but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries .
In mathematical physics, a Grassmann number, named after Hermann Grassmann (also called an anticommuting number or supernumber), is an element of the exterior algebra of a complex vector space. [1] The special case of a 1-dimensional algebra is known as a dual number .
Geometry of Complex Numbers is an undergraduate textbook on geometry, whose topics include circles, the complex plane, inversive geometry, and non-Euclidean geometry. It was written by Hans Schwerdtfeger , and originally published in 1962 as Volume 13 of the Mathematical Expositions series of the University of Toronto Press .
All of the Clifford algebras Cl p,q apart from the real numbers, complex numbers and the quaternions contain non-real elements that square to +1; and so cannot be division algebras. A different approach to extending the complex numbers is taken by the Cayley–Dickson construction .
For the complex numbers, the converse does hold, and in fact any function differentiable once on an open set is analytic on that set (see "analyticity and differentiability" below). For any open set Ω ⊆ C {\displaystyle \Omega \subseteq \mathbb {C} } , the set A (Ω) of all analytic functions u : Ω → C {\displaystyle u:\Omega \to \mathbb ...
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