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Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (Persian: علی ابن سهل ربن طبری آملی; c. 838 – c. 870 CE; also given as 810–855 [1] or 808–864 [2] also 783–858 [3]), was a Persian [4] [5] Muslim scholar, physician and psychologist, who produced one of the first Islamic encyclopedia of medicine titled Firdaws al-Hikmah ("Paradise of Wisdom").
Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkrɪstijaːn ˈsnuk ɦʏrˈɣrɔɲə]; 8 February 1857 – 26 June 1936) was a Dutch scholar of Oriental cultures and languages and advisor on native affairs to the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).
Second, it was an umbrella organization for political Islam canalization. [ 4 ] Since the collapse of Suharto's regime in 1998, MUI has changed its approach in the state-religion relationship by envisioning a more active role to protect Muslim's interests while started a new position as a critical partner of the Indonesian government. [ 5 ]
Ilmu Seni dan Aksitektur Islam (Islamic Art and Architecture) Fakultas Syari'ah dan Hukum (Faculty of Sharia and Law) Hukum Keluarga /Ahwal Shakhsiyyah (Islamic Family Law) Hukum Pidana Islam /Jinayah Siyasah (Criminal Law & Islamic State Structure) Hukum Ekonomi Syari`ah/Muamalat (Islamic Economics) Ilmu Falak (Islamic Astronomy) Ilmu Hukum (Law)
Ilm al-kalam [a] or ilm al-lahut, [b] often shortened to kalam, is the scholastic, speculative, or rational study of Islamic theology (). [2] It can also be defined as the science that studies the fundamental doctrines of Islamic faith (usul al-din), proving their validity, or refuting doubts regarding them. [3]
They accused secular leaders of corruption and predatory behavior, and claimed that a return to Sharia would replace despotic rulers with pious leaders striving for social and economic justice. In the Arab world these positions are often encapsulated in the slogan "Islam is the solution" (al-Islam huwa al-hall). [205]
The Science of Identity Foundation (SIF) is a new religious movement that professes to combine some teachings of yoga with aspects of Gaudiya Vaishnava theology. It was founded by Chris Butler in the 1970s, and is based in the US state of Hawaii.
An irreversible shift to scripturalist Islam occurs, which is in Gellner’s view is the equivalent of secularisation in the West. [13] Bruinessen finds this too limited, and distinguishes three overlapping spheres: [13] Shari`a-oriented Islam, Sufism (mystical Islam, which has its learned and popular variants),