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Amyloid beta is a short peptide that is an abnormal proteolytic byproduct of the transmembrane protein amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), whose function is unclear but thought to be involved in neuronal development. [2] The presenilins are components of proteolytic complex involved in APP processing and degradation. [3] [4]
Amyloid is formed through the polymerization of hundreds to thousands of monomeric peptides or proteins into long fibers. Amyloid formation involves a lag phase (also called nucleation phase), an exponential phase (also called growth phase) and a plateau phase (also called saturation phase), as shown in the figure.
Amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) is an integral membrane protein expressed in many tissues and concentrated in the synapses of neurons. It functions as a cell surface receptor [5] and has been implicated as a regulator of synapse formation, [6] neural plasticity, [7] antimicrobial activity, [8] and iron export. [9]
Amyloid beta (Aβ, Abeta or beta-amyloid) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease. [2] The peptides derive from the amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP), which is cleaved by beta secretase and gamma secretase to yield Aβ in a cholesterol ...
p3 peptide also known as amyloid β- peptide (Aβ) 17–40/42 is the peptide resulting from the α-and γ-secretase cleavage from the amyloid precursor protein ().It is known to be the major constituent of diffuse plaques observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and pre-amyloid plaques in people affected by Down syndrome.
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a small protein, most often 40 or 42 amino acids in length, that is released from a longer parent protein called the Aβ-precursor protein (APP). [24] APP is produced by many types of cell in the body, but it is especially abundant in neurons. It is a single-pass transmembrane protein, passing once through cellular membranes.
Amyloid precursor like protein 2, also known as APLP2, is a protein encoded by the APLP2 gene in humans. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] APLP2 along with APLP1 are important modulators of glucose and insulin homeostasis .
When microglia are activated they induce the synthesis and secretion of proteolytic enzymes that are potentially involved in many functions. [2] There are a number of proteases that possess the potential to degrade both the extracellular matrix and neuronal cells that are in the neighborhood of the microglia releasing these compounds. [ 2 ]