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Nitrogen is a liquid under −195.8 °C (77.3 K).. In physics, cryogenics is the production and behaviour of materials at very low temperatures.. The 13th International Institute of Refrigeration's (IIR) International Congress of Refrigeration (held in Washington, DC in 1971) endorsed a universal definition of "cryogenics" and "cryogenic" by accepting a threshold of 120 K (−153 °C) to ...
Because of the extremely low temperatures, diagnosing the chemical status is a major issue when studying low temperature physics and chemistry. [ clarification needed ] The primary techniques in use today are optical - many types of spectroscopy are available, but these require special apparatus with vacuum windows that provide room temperature ...
Cryonics (from Greek: κρύος kryos, meaning "cold") is the low-temperature freezing (usually at −196 °C or −320.8 °F or 77.1 K) and storage of human remains in the hope that resurrection may be possible in the future. [1] [2] Cryonics is regarded with skepticism by the mainstream scientific community.
Katakana: ヒヒイロカネ or kanji: 緋々色金 It is a red-orange fantasy metal that is common in Japanese fiction. Hyperium: Giants: One of three stable transuranic elements predicted by the new science of nucleonics in James P. Hogan's Giants series. Not naturally occurring outside of neutron stars, but trace amounts are created in the ...
Einstein proposed that cooling bosonic atoms to a very low temperature would cause them to fall (or "condense") into the lowest accessible quantum state, resulting in a new form of matter. Bosons include the photon , polaritons , magnons , some atoms and molecules (depending on the number of nucleons , see #Isotopes ) such as atomic hydrogen ...
Freezing is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point. [1] [2] For most substances, the melting and freezing points are the same temperature; however, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures.
As the temperature is increased on such a system, particles move into higher and higher energy states, so that the number of particles in the lower energy states and in the higher energy states approaches equality. [10] (This is a consequence of the definition of temperature in statistical mechanics for systems with limited states.) By ...
The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. –273.15 °C, −459.67 °F or 0 K). [1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry , thermodynamics , statistical physics and calorimetry , that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.