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The M81 Group is a galaxy group in the constellations Ursa Major and Camelopardalis that includes the galaxies Messier 81 and Messier 82, as well as several other galaxies with high apparent brightnesses. [1] The approximate center of the group is located at a distance of 3.6 Mpc, making it one of the nearest groups to the Local Group. [1]
M81 (left) and M82 (right). M82 is one of two galaxies strongly influenced gravitationally by M81. The other, NGC 3077, is located off the top edge of this image. M81 with satellite galaxy Holmberg IX in the top center-right corner. Only one supernova has been detected in Messier 81. [18]
As one of the closest starburst galaxies to Earth, M82 is the prototypical example of this galaxy type. [ 7 ] [ a ] SN 2014J , a type Ia supernova , was discovered in the galaxy on 21 January 2014. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In 2014, in studying M82, scientists discovered the brightest pulsar yet known, designated M82 X-2 .
Size (left) and distance (right) of a few well-known galaxies put to scale. There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in all of the observable universe. [1] On the order of 100,000 galaxies make up the Local Supercluster, and about 51 galaxies are in the Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list).
The Messier catalogue comprises nearly all of the most spectacular examples of the five types of deep-sky object – diffuse nebulae, planetary nebulae, open clusters, globular clusters, and galaxies – visible from European latitudes. Furthermore, almost all of the Messier objects are among the closest to Earth in their respective classes ...
SN 2014J was a type-Ia supernova in Messier 82 (the 'Cigar Galaxy', M82) discovered in mid-January 2014. [3] It was the closest type-Ia supernova discovered for 42 years, and no subsequent supernova has been closer as of 2023. The supernova was discovered by chance during an undergraduate teaching session at the University of London Observatory.
M82, a starburst galaxy that has ten times the star formation of a "normal" galaxy [111] Stars are created within galaxies from a reserve of cold gas that forms giant molecular clouds. Some galaxies have been observed to form stars at an exceptional rate, which is known as a starburst. If they continue to do so, they would consume their reserve ...
Density wave theory is the preferred explanation for the well-defined structure of grand design spirals, [2] first suggested by Chia-Chiao Lin and Frank Shu in 1964. [3] The term "grand design" was not used in this work, but appeared in the 1966 continuation paper; [4] Lin [5] (along with Yuan and Shu [6]) is usually credited with coining of the term.