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Osteocytes are mechanosensor cells that control the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts [15] within a basic multicellular unit (BMU), a temporary anatomic structure where bone remodeling occurs. [16] Osteocytes generate an inhibitory signal that is passed through their cell processes to osteoblasts for recruitment to enable bone formation ...
In an ordinary microscopic section, viewed by transmitted light, they appear as fusiform opaque spots. Each lacuna is occupied during life by a branched cell, termed an osteocyte, bone-cell or bone-corpuscle. Lacunae are connected to one another by small canals called canaliculi. A lacuna never contains more than one osteocyte.
The spaces the cell body of osteocytes occupy within the mineralized collagen type I matrix are known as lacunae, while the osteocyte cell processes occupy channels called canaliculi. The many processes of osteocytes reach out to meet osteoblasts, osteoclasts, bone lining cells, and other osteocytes probably for the purposes of communication. [26]
Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known as the periosteocytic space, which is filled with periosteocytic fluid. This fluid contains substances too large to be transported through the gap junctions that connect the osteocytes. In cartilage, the lacunae and hence, the chondrocytes, are isolated from each ...
Cartilage gives the structures a definite but pliable form, making such structures and joints strong, but with limited mobility and flexibility. [2] [3] Cartilage has no nerves. [2] Hyaline cartilage also forms the temporary embryonic skeleton, which is gradually replaced by bone, and the skeleton of elasmobranch fish. [citation needed]
Active transport is used to move most substances between the blood vessels and the osteocytes. [1] Haversian canals are contained within osteons, which are typically arranged along the long axis of the bone in parallel to the surface. The canals and the surrounding lamellae (8-15) form the functional unit, called a Haversian system, or osteon.
Feedback from physical activity maintains bone mass, while feedback from osteocytes limits the size of the bone-forming unit. [31] [32] [33] An important additional mechanism is secretion by osteocytes, buried in the matrix, of sclerostin, a protein that inhibits a pathway that maintains osteoblast activity. Thus, when the osteon reaches a ...
Osteons are components or principal structures of compact bone. During the formation of bone spicules, cytoplasmic processes from osteoblasts interconnect. This becomes the canaliculi of osteons. Since bone spicules tend to form around blood vessels, the perivascular space is greatly reduced as the bone continues to grow. When replacement to ...