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A PDF file is organized using ASCII characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a magic number (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example %PDF-1.7. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format. [24]
The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of the presentation of the document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it.
The specifications for PDF are backward inclusive. The PDF 1.7 specification includes all of the functionality previously documented in the Adobe PDF Specifications for versions 1.0 through 1.6. Where Adobe removed certain features of PDF from their standard, they are not contained in ISO 32000-1 [9] either. Some features are marked as deprecated.
There are several different possible causes of specification error; some are listed below. An inappropriate functional form could be employed. A variable omitted from the model may have a relationship with both the dependent variable and one or more of the independent variables (causing omitted-variable bias ).
Another case where a technical report may be produced is when more information is produced for an academic paper than is acceptable or feasible to publish in a peer-reviewed publication; examples of this include in-depth experimental details, additional results, or the architecture of a computer model.
EXIF – Exchangeable image file format (Exif) is a specification for the image format used by digital cameras GIF – CompuServe 's Graphics Interchange Format GIFV – Graphics Interchange Format Video, a format used for short, looping videos that combines the advantages of GIFs and videos, with better playback quality and lower file sizes [ 14 ]
PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document ...
Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature.The JEL is published quarterly by the American Economic Association (AEA) and contains survey articles and information on recently published books and dissertations.