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The last Achaemenid king whose own royal inscriptions officially used the title 'king of Babylon' was Xerxes I's son and successor Artaxerxes I (r. 465–424 BC). [38] After Artaxerxes I's rule there are few examples of monarchs themselves using the title, though the Babylonians continued to ascribe it to their rulers.
Nabonidus (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-naʾid, [2] [3] meaning "May Nabu be exalted" [3] or "Nabu is praised") [4] was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from 556 BC to the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenian Empire under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.
The most important ancient sources for his conquest of Babylon are the Nabonidus Chronicle (Nabonidus was the last Babylonian king, and Belshazzar, who is described as king of Babylon in the Book of Daniel, was his son and crown prince), the Cyrus Cylinder, and the Verse Account of Nabonidus—which, despite its name, was commissioned by Cyrus. [8]
Zababa-šuma-iddina [nb 1] was the 35th and next to last king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon, who reigned for just one year, [i 1] ca. 1158 BC (short chronology).He was without apparent ties to the royal family and there is uncertainty concerning the circumstances of his coming to power.
Samsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants, [1] the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years, [i 1] [i 2] 1625 – 1595 BC (Middle Chronology), 1617-1587 BC (Low Middle Chronology), or 1562 – 1531 BC (Short Chronology).
The only known surviving reference which points to there being a ruler by this name in Babylon is the Uruk King List, which records rulers of Babylon from the 7th to 3rd centuries BC. In this list, the rule of Darius III (r. 336–330 BC), the last Achaemenid king, is immediately preceded by a fragmentary reference to Nidin-Bel.
The last known documents dated to Neriglissar's reign are a contract from 12 April 556 BC at Babylon and a contract from 16 April that same year from the city of Uruk. [10] The Uruk King List (IM 65066, also known as King List 5), a record of rulers of Babylon from Shamash-shum-ukin (r. 668–648 BC) to the Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus (r.
The era of the early Kassite rulers is characterized by a dearth of surviving historical records. The principal sources of evidence for the existence of these monarchs are the Babylonian King List A, [i 1] which shows just the first six, and the Assyrian Synchronistic King List, [i 2] which gives their names indistinctly, and are compared below, after Brinkman.