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Build–operate–transfer (BOT) or build–own–operate–transfer (BOOT) is a form of project delivery method, usually for large-scale infrastructure projects, wherein a private entity receives a concession from the public sector (or the private sector on rare occasions) to finance, design, construct, own, and operate a facility stated in the concession contract.
1.0 x Dead Load + 1.0 x Live Load. Different load cases would be used for different loading conditions. For example, in the case of design for fire a load case of 1.0 x Dead Load + 0.8 x Live Load may be used, as it is reasonable to assume everyone has left the building if there is a fire.
Construction engineering, also known as construction operations, [1] is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. [2]
Structural engineering is a sub-discipline of civil engineering in which structural engineers are trained to design the 'bones and joints' that create the form and shape of human-made structures. Structural engineers also must understand and calculate the stability , strength, rigidity and earthquake-susceptibility of built structures for ...
The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow.
Constructability (or buildability) is a concept that denotes ease of construction. It can be central to project management techniques to review construction processes from start to finish during pre-construction phase.
From this follows that for grains greater than 5 mm the Shields parameter gets a constant value of 0,055. The gradient of a river (I) can be determined by Chézy formula: = in which = the coefficiënt of Chézy ( m 1/2 / s ); This is often in the order 50 ( m 1/2 / s ). For a flat bed (i.e. without ripples) C can be approximated with:
The limit surfaces of the unified strength theory in principal stress space are usually a semi-infinite dodecahedron cone with unequal sides. The shape and size of the limiting dodecahedron cone depends on the parameter b and α {\displaystyle \alpha } .