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In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system.The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden.
The Helmholtz free energy is defined as [3], where . F is the Helmholtz free energy (sometimes also called A, particularly in the field of chemistry) (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),; U is the internal energy of the system (SI: joules, CGS: ergs),
The Gibbs free energy change ( = , measured in joules in SI) is the maximum amount of non-volume expansion work that can be extracted from a closed system (one that can exchange heat and work with its surroundings, but not matter) at fixed temperature and pressure.
Free-energy relationship, a relationship in physical organic chemistry; Principle of minimum energy, a thermodynamic formulation based on the second law; Thermodynamic free energy, the energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work, including: Gibbs free energy; Landau free energy (also known as grand potential) Helmholtz free energy
The molar heat capacity is the heat capacity per unit amount (SI unit: mole) of a pure substance, and the specific heat capacity, often called simply specific heat, is the heat capacity per unit mass of a material. Heat capacity is a physical property of a substance, which means that it depends on the state and properties of the substance under ...
The steady-state heat equation without a heat source within the volume (the homogeneous case) is the equation in electrostatics for a volume of free space that does not contain a charge. It is described by Laplace's equation: =
The Miami Heat forward, 30, subtly announced his engagement on Wednesday, Feb. 19. ... Never miss a story — sign up for PEOPLE's free daily newsletter to stay up-to-date on the best of what ...
Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure metals, however, the electronic contributions dominate in the thermal conductivity. [citation needed] In impure metals, the electron mean free path is reduced by collisions with impurities, and the phonon contribution may be comparable with the electronic contribution.