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A measure of inbreeding of an individual A is the probability F(A) that both alleles in one locus are derived from the same allele in an ancestor. These two identical alleles that are both derived from a common ancestor are said to be identical by descent. This probability F(A) is called the "coefficient of inbreeding". [43]
A litter consists of the puppies born from the same pregnancy. A whelp is a newborn puppy and giving birth to dogs is called whelping. Dogs commonly give birth in a whelping box, a simple box or pen provided to the dam to help shelter and contain the puppies. A person who intentionally mates dogs to produce puppies is referred to as a dog breeder.
Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant males and females will sexually reproduce and have offspring together.
The coefficient of inbreeding (COI) is a number measuring how inbred an individual is. Specifically, it is the probability that two alleles at any locus in an individual are identical by descent from a common ancestor of the two parents.
By "breeding the best to the best", employing a certain degree of inbreeding, considerable culling, and selection for "superior" qualities, one could develop a bloodline or "breed" superior in certain respects to the original base stock. Such animals can be recorded with a breed registry, the organisation that maintains pedigrees and/or stud books.
Dog communication is the transfer of information between dogs, as well as between dogs and humans. [136] Communication behaviors of dogs include eye gaze, facial expression, [ 137 ] [ 138 ] vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs), and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones, and taste).
A dog of unknown parentage is often called a mixed-breed dog, "mutt" or "mongrel." A cat of unknown parentage is often referred to as a domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cat generically, and in some dialects is often called a "moggie". A horse of unknown bloodlines is called a grade horse.
Inbreeding avoidance, or the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis, is a concept in evolutionary biology that refers to the prevention of the harmful effects of inbreeding. Animals only rarely exhibit inbreeding avoidance. [ 1 ]