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In mammals, mitochondrial fusion and fission are both controlled by GTPases of the dynamin family. [8] [13] The process of mitochondrial fission is directed by Drp1, a member of the cytosolic dynamin family. [8] [9] This protein forms a spiral around mitochondria and constricts to break apart both the outer and inner membranes of the organelle ...
Mitochondrial matrix has a pH of about 7.8, which is higher than the pH of the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, which is around 7.0–7.4. [5] Mitochondrial DNA was discovered by Nash and Margit in 1963. One to many double stranded mainly circular DNA is present in mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial DNA is 1% of total DNA of a cell.
Coupling with oxidative phosphorylation is a key step for ATP production. However, in specific cases, uncoupling the two processes may be biologically useful. The uncoupling protein, thermogenin—present in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipose tissue—provides for an alternative flow of protons back to the inner mitochondrial ...
The term protein folding incorporates all the processes involved in the production of a protein after the nascent polypeptides have become synthesized by the ribosomes.The proteins destined to be secreted or sorted to other cell organelles carry an N-terminal signal sequence that will interact with a signal recognition particle (SRP).
Illustration of the malate–aspartate shuttle pathway. The malate–aspartate shuttle (sometimes simply the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the semipermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
Structure of the human uncoupling protein UCP1. An uncoupling protein (UCP) is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that is a regulated proton channel or transporter.An uncoupling protein is thus capable of dissipating the proton gradient generated by NADH-powered pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the mitochondrial intermembrane space.
[35] [36] In mammals, this enzyme is a dimer, with each subunit complex containing 11 protein subunits, an [2Fe-2S] iron–sulfur cluster and three cytochromes: one cytochrome c 1 and two b cytochromes. [37] A cytochrome is a kind of electron-transferring protein that contains at least one heme group. The iron atoms inside complex III's heme ...
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt) is a cellular stress response related to the mitochondria. The UPR mt results from unfolded or misfolded proteins in mitochondria beyond the capacity of chaperone proteins to handle them. [1] The UPR mt can occur either in the mitochondrial matrix or in the mitochondrial inner membrane. [1]