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Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by low calcium levels in the blood serum. [5] The normal range of blood calcium is typically between 2.1–2.6 mmol/L (8.8–10.7 mg/dL, 4.3–5.2 mEq/L ), while levels less than 2.1 mmol/L are defined as hypocalcemic.
Electrolyte disturbances are involved in many disease processes and are an important part of patient management in medicine. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The causes, severity, treatment, and outcomes of these disturbances can differ greatly depending on the implicated electrolyte. [ 3 ]
Metabolic alkalosis can be caused by repeated vomiting, [2] resulting in a loss of hydrochloric acid in the stomach contents. Severe dehydration, and the consumption of alkali, [3] are other causes. It can also be caused by administration of diuretics [2] and endocrine disorders such as Cushing's syndrome.
Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition in which increased respiration elevates the blood pH beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45) with a concurrent reduction in arterial levels of carbon dioxide.
Hypocapnia (from the Greek words ὑπό meaning below normal and καπνός kapnós meaning smoke), also known as hypocarbia, sometimes incorrectly called acapnia, is a state of reduced carbon dioxide in the blood. [1] Hypocapnia usually results from deep or rapid breathing, known as hyperventilation. Hypocapnia is the opposite of hypercapnia.
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Metabolic alkalosis is an acid-base disorder in which the pH of tissue is elevated beyond the normal range (7.35–7.45). This is the result of decreased hydrogen ion concentration, leading to increased bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ), or alternatively a direct result of increased bicarbonate concentrations.
It can also occur when someone does not eat for several days at a time usually beginning after 4–5 days with no food. [5] It can also occur after the onset of a severe illness or major surgery. The shifting of electrolytes and fluid balance increases cardiac workload and heart rate. This can lead to acute heart failure.