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For distributed temperature sensing often a code correlation technology [2] [3] [4] is employed which carries elements from both principles. OTDR was developed more than 20 years ago and has become the industry standard for telecom loss measurements which detects the—compared to Raman signal very dominant— Rayleigh backscattering signals.
Distributed fiber-optic sensing technology can be used for leak detection through DAS and DTS. [26] AP Sensing has a regional office in Bahrain , and operates throughout the Middle East . [ 27 ] Their Distributed Fibre Optic Sensing is designed to monitor pipeline leaks, and is used by the Kuwait Oil Company and the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company .
Clock synchronization is a topic in computer science and engineering that aims to coordinate otherwise independent clocks.Even when initially set accurately, real clocks will differ after some amount of time due to clock drift, caused by clocks counting time at slightly different rates.
[8] [9] The fiber-optic sensor is well suited for this environment as it functions at temperatures too high for semiconductor sensors (distributed temperature sensing). Optical fibers can be made into interferometric sensors such as fiber-optic gyroscopes , which are used in the Boeing 767 and in some car models (for navigation purposes).
Nickel elements have a limited temperature range because the temperature coefficient of resistance changes at temperatures over 300 °C (572 °F). Copper has a very linear resistance–temperature relationship; however, copper oxidizes at moderate temperatures and cannot be used over 150 °C (302 °F).
For instance, setting those up so that the temperature in the morning at 7 a.m. should be 21 °C (69.8 °F), makes sure that at that time the temperature will be 21 °C (69.8 °F), where a conventional thermostat would just start working at that time.
This is a code number from 0 to 4, with 0, 1 and 2 meaning data is included, and 3 and 4 indicating no precipitation data. i X is a code number indicating the manner of station operation, and the format used in group 7wwWW ; codes 1, 2 and 3 indicate a staffed station, while codes 4 to 7 indicate an automatic station.
Key distribution is an important issue in wireless sensor network (WSN) design. [1] WSNs are networks of small, battery-powered, memory-constraint devices named sensor nodes, which have the capability of wireless communication over a restricted area. [2]