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Barrioization or barriorization is a theory developed by Chicano scholars Albert Camarillo and Richard Griswold del Castillo to explain the historical formation and maintenance of ethnically segregated neighborhoods of Chicanos and Latinos in the United States.
Mutualistas were community-based mutual aid societies created by Mexican immigrants in the late 19th century United States. According to media analyst Charles M. Tatum, mutualistas "provided most immigrants with a connection to their mother country and served to bring them together to meet their survival needs in a new and alien country.
Afro-Mexicans (Spanish: Afromexicanos), also known as Black Mexicans (Spanish: Mexicanos negros), [2] are Mexicans of total or predominantly Sub-Saharan African ancestry. [3] [2] As a single population, Afro-Mexicans include individuals descended from both free and enslaved Africans who arrived to Mexico during the colonial era, [3] as well as post-independence migrants.
The United States (US) declared war against Mexico on May 13, 1846. Military action in California began with the Bear Flag Revolt on June 15, 1846. On July 7, 1846, US forces took possession of Monterey, the capital of California, and terminated the authority and jurisdiction of Mexican officials that day. [57]
The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.
"Reviewed work: Black and Brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920, Gerald Horne". Social History. 32 (1): 117. JSTOR 4287417. Levinson, Irving W. (2007). "Reviewed work: Black and Brown: African Americans and the American Revolution, 1910–1920, Gerald Horne". The American Historical Review. 112 (2): 555– 556.
The one-drop rule was a legal principle of racial classification that was prominent in the 20th-century United States. It asserted that any person with even one ancestor of African ancestry ("one drop" of "black blood") [1] [2] is considered black (Negro or colored in historical terms).
The US is home to the second-largest Mexican community in the world, second only to Mexico itself, and is over 24% of the entire Mexican-origin population of the world (Canada is a distant third with a small Mexican Canadian population of 96,055 or 0.3% of the population as of 2011). [34]