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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by peptic ulcers, gastric erosions, esophageal varices, and rarer causes such as gastric cancer. The initial assessment includes measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate , as well as blood tests to determine the hemoglobin .
GERD is the most common cause of esophagitis because of the backflow of acid from the stomach, which can irritate the lining of the esophagus. Other causes include: Medicines – Can cause esophageal damage that can lead to esophageal ulcers Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) – aspirin, naproxen sodium, and ibuprofen. Known to ...
Despite treatment, re-bleeding occurs in about 7–16% of those with upper GI bleeding. [3] In those with esophageal varices, bleeding occurs in about 5–15% a year and if they have bled once, there is a higher risk of further bleeding within six weeks. [13] Testing and treating H. pylori if found can prevent re-bleeding in those with peptic ...
Peptic ulcer disease is when the inner part of the stomach's gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach), the first part of the small intestine, or sometimes the lower esophagus, gets damaged. An ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer, while one in the first part of the intestines is a duodenal ulcer. [1]
Berkley Moynihan suggests that acid is a cause of ulcers. [1] 1910 Schwartz publishes the excess acid theory of the ulcer, coining the famous phrase "no acid, no ulcer." [2] Gibelli claims to be unable to reproduce Turck's study where he artificially created ulcers by feeding dogs bacteria. [1] Streptococci 1913
The symptoms vary from the severity of the disorder. The most classic sign of AEN is the dark pigmentation of esophageal mucosa in an upper endoscopy, usually viewed as an ulcer or as an infectious disease. [6] Necrosis can be found mostly between the three distals of the esophagus, but stops abruptly at the gastroesophageal junction. [2]
Acid peptic diseases, such as peptic ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, are caused by distinct but overlapping pathogenic mechanisms involving acid effects on mucosal defense. Acid reflux damages the esophageal mucosa and may also cause laryngeal tissue injury, leading to the development of pulmonary ...
The treatment of lymphocytic esophagitis is still undefined. [5] Treatment either targets symptoms, inflammation or complications. For example, heartburn is a symptom in lymphocytic esophagitis, and proton pump inhibitors, which reduce acidity in the stomach, are consequently used