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P S is the permeability of the membrane for ion S measured in m·s −1; z S is the valence of ion S; V m is the transmembrane potential in volts; F is the Faraday constant, equal to 96,485 C·mol −1 or J·V −1 ·mol −1; R is the gas constant, equal to 8.314 J·K −1 ·mol −1; T is the absolute temperature, measured in kelvins ...
Thus, to get current density from molar flux one needs to multiply by Faraday's constant F (Coulombs/mol). F will then cancel from the equation below. Since the valence has already been accounted for above, the charge q A of each ion in the equation above, therefore, should be interpreted as +1 or -1 depending on the polarity of the ion.
Using a series of voltage clamp experiments and by varying extracellular sodium and potassium concentrations, Hodgkin and Huxley developed a model in which the properties of an excitable cell are described by a set of four ordinary differential equations. [1] Together with the equation for the total current mentioned above, these are:
Steps 1 and 3 require the input of energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and P i (inorganic phosphate), whereas steps 7 and 10 require the input of ADP, each yielding ATP. [7] The enzymes necessary to break down glucose are found in the cytoplasm, the viscous fluid that fills living cells, where the glycolytic reactions take place. [1]
An important example is the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H +) across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis. An ion gradient has potential energy and can be used to power chemical reactions when the ions pass through a channel (red).
[7] [8] Moiety-conserved cycles will reduce the number of differential equations required to solve a system. For example, a simple cycle has only one independent variable. The other variable can be computed using the difference between the total mass and the independent variable. The set of differential equations for the two-cycle is given by:
Defining equation (physical chemistry) List of equations in classical mechanics; Table of thermodynamic equations; List of equations in wave theory; List of electromagnetism equations; List of relativistic equations; List of equations in fluid mechanics; List of equations in gravitation; List of photonics equations; List of equations in quantum ...
An example is the long-awaited crystal structure of a voltage-gated potassium channel, which was reported in May 2003. [ 40 ] [ 41 ] One inevitable ambiguity about these structures relates to the strong evidence that channels change conformation as they operate (they open and close, for example), such that the structure in the crystal could ...
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