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Measuring the culmen. The upper margin of the beak or bill is referred to as the culmen.The measurement is taken using calipers with one jaw at the tip of the upper mandible and the other at the base of the bill (at the junction with the skull, a measurement called "total culmen") or where the feathers begin (a measurement called "exposed culmen").
A culmen is a top, a summit or a culminating point. It may also refer to: Culmen (bird), the upper ridge of a bird's beak; Culmen (cerebellum), a structure in the brain
The colour of a bird's beak results from concentrations of pigments—primarily melanins and carotenoids—in the epidermal layers, including the rhamphotheca. [39] In general, beak colour depends on a combination of the bird's hormonal state and diet. Colours are typically brightest as the breeding season approaches and palest after breeding. [40]
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The beak, bill, or rostrum is an external anatomical structure found mostly in birds, but also in turtles, non-avian dinosaurs and a few mammals. A beak is used for pecking, grasping, and holding (in probing for food, eating, manipulating and carrying objects, killing prey, or fighting), preening, courtship, and feeding young.
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Beak (bivalve), the oldest point on a bivalve mollusc's shell; Beak (botany), a pointed projection on various plant parts; Cephalopod beak, an 'inkfish' rostrum; Rostrum (anatomy), various structures in fish, whales and invertebrates (colloquially called beak)
Male culmen lengths tended to be, on average, 13.6% and 12.4% larger than female culmen lengths. [18] This is suggested to have evolved in male Kākā due to the high proportion of provisioning the male Kākā have to do for female Kākā and hatchlings during the breeding season. [18]