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Critical management studies (CMS) is a loose but extensive grouping of theoretically informed critiques of management, business and organisation, grounded originally in a critical theory perspective. Today it encompasses a wide range of perspectives that are critical of traditional theories of management and the business schools that generate ...
A rifle on display. Chekhov's gun (or Chekhov's rifle; Russian: Чеховское ружьё) is a narrative principle that states that every element in a story must be necessary and irrelevant elements should be removed.
Rational choice theory provides a framework to explain why groups of rational individuals can come to collectively irrational decisions. For example, while at the individual level a group of people may have common interests, applying a rational choice framework to their individually rational preferences can explain group-level outcomes that ...
Spiral Dynamics describes how value systems and worldviews emerge from the interaction of "life conditions" and the mind's capacities. [8] The emphasis on life conditions as essential to the progression through value systems is unusual among similar theories, and leads to the view that no level is inherently positive or negative, but rather is a response to the local environment, social ...
Although the primary emphasis of CMM theory has to do with the concept of first-person communication, known as a participatory view, once the concepts are understood they are more readily visible during other interactions. Furthermore, this knowledge can be applied to similar situations, which will, in turn, lead to more effective communication.
The popularity of these studies turned the focus of management thinking to the social and psychological of leadership. The initial studies in leadership sociology and psychology focused on leadership traits. [3] Observation that some people better leaders than others obviated a study of the personal traits of those leaders.
Moravec's paradox is the observation in the fields of artificial intelligence and robotics that, contrary to traditional assumptions, reasoning requires very little computation, but sensorimotor and perception skills require enormous computational resources.
If you have a choice of reasonable bids and one of them is 3NT, then bid it – known as "Hamman's Law", devised by Bob Hamman. [3] Prefer majors to minors. Bid a major suit before a minor suit. They can overbid opponents at the same level and score higher. Prefer length to strength. A long suit, even if weaker, is often ultimately more ...