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Nitric acid in a laboratory. The main industrial use of nitric acid is for the production of fertilizers. Nitric acid is neutralized with ammonia to give ammonium nitrate. This application consumes 75–80% of the 26 million tonnes produced annually (1987).
Aqua regia first appeared in the De inventione veritatis ("On the Discovery of Truth") by pseudo-Geber (after c. 1300), who produced it by adding sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) to nitric acid. [6] [d] The preparation of aqua regia by directly mixing hydrochloric acid with nitric acid only became possible after the discovery in the late ...
The Ostwald process begins with burning ammonia.Ammonia burns in oxygen at temperature about 900 °C (1,650 °F) and pressure up to 8 standard atmospheres (810 kPa) [4] in the presence of a catalyst such as platinum gauze, alloyed with 10% rhodium to increase its strength and nitric oxide yield, platinum metal on fused silica wool, copper or nickel to form nitric oxide (nitrogen(II) oxide) and ...
Perchloric acid: a powerful oxidizing agent; readily forms explosive mixtures; mainly used in the production of rocket fuel: Phosphoric acid: a mineral acid with many industrial uses; commonly used in the laboratory preparation of hydrogen halides Phosphorus pentachloride: one of the most important phosphorus chlorides; a chlorinating reagent.
This reaction is the first step in the production of nitric acid: [13] 4 NH 3 + 7 O 2 → 4 NO 2 + 6 H 2 O. It can also be produced by the oxidation of nitrosyl chloride: 2 NOCl + O 2 → 2NO 2 + Cl 2. Instead, most laboratory syntheses stabilize and then heat the nitric acid to accelerate the decomposition.
Nitric oxide from copper turnings and diluted nitric acid; Nitrogen dioxide from copper turnings and concentrated nitric acid; Ammonia from magnesium nitride and water, deuterated ammonia when heavy water is used; [1] also from calcium oxide and solution of ammonium chloride; Carbon monoxide from pumice impregnated with oxalic acid and ...
To perform the digestion, sample material is combined with a concentrated strong acid or a mixture thereof, most commonly using nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and/or hydrofluoric acid, in a closed PTFE vessel. The vessel and its contents are then exposed to microwave irradiation, raising the pressure and temperature of the solution mixture.
A recommended laboratory synthesis entails dehydrating nitric acid (HNO 3) with phosphorus(V) oxide: [11] P 4 O 10 + 12 HNO 3 → 4 H 3 PO 4 + 6 N 2 O 5. Another laboratory process is the reaction of lithium nitrate LiNO 3 and bromine pentafluoride BrF 5, in the ratio exceeding 3:1.
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