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Fundamentally, the Hume-Rothery rules are restricted to binary systems that form either substitutional or interstitial solid solutions. However, this approach limits assessing advanced alloys which are commonly multicomponent systems. Free energy diagrams (or phase diagrams) offer in-depth knowledge of equilibrium restraints in complex systems.
Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a trade name for one of the earliest types of age-hardenable aluminium–copper alloys. The term is a combination of Dürener and aluminium .
Substitutional solid solution strengthening occurs when the solute atom is large enough that it can replace solvent atoms in their lattice positions. Some alloying elements are only soluble in small amounts, whereas some solvent and solute pairs form a solution over the whole range of binary compositions.
Different atomic mechanisms of alloy formation, showing pure metal, substitutional, interstitial, and a combination of the two. When a molten metal is mixed with another substance, there are two mechanisms that can cause an alloy to form, called atom exchange and the interstitial mechanism. The relative size of each element in the mix plays a ...
In the case of an impurity, the atom is often incorporated at a regular atomic site in the crystal structure. This is neither a vacant site nor is the atom on an interstitial site and it is called a substitutional defect. The atom is not supposed to be anywhere in the crystal, and is thus an impurity.
Interstitial atoms (blue) occupy some of the spaces within a lattice of larger atoms (red) In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure.
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Duralumin is the oldest variety in this group and goes back to Alfred Wilm, who discovered it in 1903. Aluminium could only be used as a widespread construction material thanks to the aluminium-copper alloys, as pure aluminium is much too soft for this and other hardenable alloys such as aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloys (AlMgSi) or the ...