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An act of parliament, as a form of primary legislation, is a text of law passed by the legislative body of a jurisdiction (often a parliament or council). [1] In most countries with a parliamentary system of government, acts of parliament begin as a bill , which the legislature votes on.
Public general acts form the largest category of legislation, in principle affecting the public general law applying to everyone across the entire United Kingdom, or at least to one or more of its constituent countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, or Wales. [3] Most public general acts proceed through Parliament as a public bill.
A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.. In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation.
In the United Kingdom, a proposed new law starts off as a bill that goes through seven stages of the legislative process: first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading, opposite house, and royal assent. A bill is introduced by a member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons or by a member of the House of Lords.
The Parliament Acts have been used to pass legislation against the wishes of the House of Lords on seven occasions since 1911, including the passing of the Parliament Act 1949. Some constitutional lawyers had questioned the validity of the 1949 Act.
History of passage through Parliament; Text of statute as originally enacted; Text of the Ballot Secrecy Act 2023 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
Note that the first parliament of the United Kingdom was held in 1801; parliaments between 1707 and 1800 were either parliaments of Great Britain or of Ireland. For acts passed up until 1707, see the list of acts of the Parliament of England and the list of acts of the Parliament of Scotland .
In written evidence during the passage of the bill, Electoral Reform Society Cymru declared their support for the bill. [12] In January 2021, the Legislation, Justice and Constitution Committee released a report recommending certain amendments to the bill. [13] The bill was passed by the Senedd on 9 July 2024. [14]