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Degraded concrete and rusted, exposed reinforcement bar (rebar) on Welland River bridge of the Queen Elizabeth Way in Niagara Falls, Ontario. Concrete degradation may have many different causes. Concrete is mostly damaged by the corrosion of reinforcement bars due to the carbonatation of hardened cement paste or chloride attack under wet ...
Primary efflorescence is named such, as it typically occurs during the initial cure of a cementitious product. It often occurs on masonry construction, particularly brick, as well as some firestop mortars, when water moving through a wall or other structure, or water being driven out as a result of the heat of hydration as cement stone is being formed, brings salts to the surface that are not ...
A fairly well-defined reaction front can often be observed in thin sections; ahead of the front the concrete is normal, or near normal. Behind the reaction front, the composition and the microstructure of concrete are modified. These changes may vary in type or severity but commonly include: Extensive cracking; Expansion
Delamination also occurs in reinforced concrete when metal reinforcements near the surface corrode. [7] The oxidized metal has a larger volume causing stresses when confined by the concrete. When the stresses exceed the strength of the concrete, cracks can form and spread to join with neighboring cracks caused by corroded rebar creating a ...
Excess moisture in concrete is defined by that amount of moisture emitting from the concrete subfloor that exceeds the amount allowed by the flooring manufacturer. This condition occurs when the flooring is installed before the water in the concrete mix that is not needed for hydration (strengthening) has had adequate time to evaporate.
Damage to masonry is primarily caused by water, salt accumulation, expansion and contraction, abrasion, poor ventilation, and inappropriate cleaning techniques (ex. sandblasting). Masonry may show many signs of deterioration to include: bulges, cracks, efflorescence, erosion, flaking, sloping or uneven settlement, mold or mildew, missing stones ...
According to the New York Times, here's exactly how to play Strands: Find theme words to fill the board. Theme words stay highlighted in blue when found.
Severe pressure or structural damage is evident by widening cracks. Buckling walls: Usually caused by hydrostatic pressure. Walls appear to be bowed inward. Peeling paint: Water seeping through walls may lead to bubbling or peeling paint along basement walls. [4] Efflorescence: White, powdery residue found on basement walls near the floor.