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Although uncommon, abnormalities of the eye such as cataract or retinoblastoma may initially present with strabismus (secondary to decreased vision). The prognosis for these disorders is greatly improved with prompt treatment.
Read this chapter of Pediatric Practice: Ophthalmology online now, exclusively on AccessPediatrics. AccessPediatrics is a subscription-based resource from McGraw Hill that features trusted medical content from the best minds in medicine.
Anisocoria in a young child is a frequent cause of concern among parents and is a common reason for referral to pediatric neurology/ophthalmology clinics. Many of these patients are eventually diagnosed with physiologic anisocoria, requiring no further evaluation.
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a benign self-limited respiratory distress syndrome of term and late preterm infants related to delayed clearance of lung liquid. The distress appears shortly after birth and usually resolves within 3 to 5 days.
Transient nystagmus is common in infants <6 months. Extraocular muscle function is poorly coordinated for the first 6 months of life, resulting in intermittent convergent strabismus. Accommodation and convergence should be established by 24 months.
Although the causes of respiratory distress are numerous, this chapter focuses on a relatively common cause of respiratory distress known as transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) and the identification of a more serious condition, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN).
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder affecting synaptic transmission at the motor end plate. It is characterized by abnormal muscle fatigability and can be either genetic or acquired. Infants born with the genetic form of the disease (very rare) are born to healthy mothers and suffer permanent disability.
Transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) is a unique clonal proliferation of megakaryocytic precursors that is clinically indistinguishable from congenital leukemia and is seen almost exclusively in neonates with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome). 1 TMD is typically characterized by the presence of leukocytosis and circulating blast cells in the ...
Strabismus refers to any misalignment of the eyes. It can be further categorized based on the direction of the deviating eye(s): 1) esotropia—the eye turns inward; 2) exotropia—the eye turns outward; 3) hyper- and hypotropia—the eye turns upward or downward respectively; and 4) cyclotropia or torsional—the eye is rotated clockwise or ...
Transient obscuration of vision (amaurosis fugax) may occur as the process becomes more long-standing. Further effects on vision occur as the papilledema becomes chronic and ultimately leads to optic atrophy. Diplopia (double vision) may occur if increased intracranial pressure results in cranial nerve VI palsy