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  2. Aluminium chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_chloride

    Anhydrous aluminium chloride is hygroscopic, having a very pronounced affinity for water. It fumes in moist air and hisses when mixed with liquid water as the Cl − ligands are displaced with H 2 O molecules to form the hexahydrate [Al(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3. The anhydrous phase cannot be regained on heating the hexahydrate.

  3. Metal ions in aqueous solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution

    A metal ion in aqueous solution or aqua ion is a cation, dissolved in water, of chemical formula [M(H 2 O) n] z+.The solvation number, n, determined by a variety of experimental methods is 4 for Li + and Be 2+ and 6 for most elements in periods 3 and 4 of the periodic table.

  4. Work-up - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work-up

    The desired product, benzoic acid (3), is obtained by the following work-up: [2] Synthesis of benzoic acid with work-up step in red. The reaction mixture containing the Grignard reagent is allowed to warm to room temperature in a water bath to allow excess dry ice to evaporate. Any remaining Grignard reagent is quenched by the addition of water.

  5. Metal halides - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_halides

    Anhydrous metal chlorides suitable for preparing other coordination compounds may be dehydrated by treatment with thionyl chloride: [1] [3] MCl n · x H 2 O + x SOCl 2 → MCl n + x SO 2 + 2 x HCl The silver and thallium(I) cations have a great affinity for halide anions in solution, and the metal halide quantitatively precipitates from aqueous ...

  6. Amphoterism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphoterism

    The water molecule is amphoteric in aqueous solution. It can either gain a proton to form a hydronium ion H 3 O +, or else lose a proton to form a hydroxide ion OH −. [7] Another possibility is the molecular autoionization reaction between two water molecules, in which one water molecule acts as an acid and another as a base.

  7. Aluminium compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_compounds

    For similar reasons, anhydrous aluminium salts cannot be made by heating their "hydrates": hydrated aluminium chloride is in fact not AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O but [Al(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3, and the Al–O bonds are so strong that heating is not sufficient to break them and form Al–Cl bonds instead: [2] 2[Al(H 2 O) 6]Cl 3 Al 2 O 3 + 6 HCl + 9 H 2 O

  8. Kosmotropic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmotropic

    Co-solvents (in water solvent) are defined as kosmotropic (order-making) if they contribute to the stability and structure of water-water interactions. In contrast, chaotropic (disorder-making) agents have the opposite effect, disrupting water structure, increasing the solubility of nonpolar solvent particles, and destabilizing solute aggregates. [1]

  9. Water of crystallization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_of_crystallization

    The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula. An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) where the sample is heated strongly, and the accurate weight of a sample is plotted against the temperature.