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  2. Naismith's rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith's_rule

    Pace is the reciprocal of speed. It can be calculated here from the following formula: [6] [19] p = p0·(1 + α·m) where: p = pace p0 = pace on flat terrain m = gradient uphill. This formula is true for m≥0 (uphill or flat terrain). [6] [19] It assumes equivalence of distance and climb by applying mentioned earlier α factor. [4] [19]

  3. Tobler's hiking function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler's_hiking_function

    W = walking velocity [km/h] [2] dh = elevation difference, dx = distance, S = slope, θ = angle of slope (inclination). The velocity on the flat terrain is 5 km / h, the maximum speed of 6 km / h is achieved roughly at -2.86°. [5] On flat terrain this formula works out to 5 km/h.

  4. vVO2max - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVO2max

    The vV̇O 2 max of world class middle- and long-distance runners may exceed 24 km/h or 2:30/km pace (15 mph or about 4:00/mile), making this speed slightly comparable to 3000 m race pace. For many athletes, vV̇O 2 max may be slightly slower than 1500 m or mile race pace.

  5. Pace (unit) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_(unit)

    A pace is a unit of length consisting either of one normal walking step (approximately 0.75 metres or 30 inches), or of a double step, returning to the same foot (approximately 1.5 metres or 60 inches). The normal pace length decreases with age and some health conditions. [1]

  6. Peter Riegel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Riegel

    is the distance over which the initial time is achieved D 2 {\displaystyle D_{2}} is the distance for which the time is to be predicted Riegel expanded on his thesis in a 1981 article for American Scientist , stating that the formula t = a x b {\displaystyle t=ax^{b}} concerns activities in the "endurance range", namely lasting between 3.5 and ...

  7. Bruce protocol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_protocol

    The test score is the time taken on the test, in minutes. This can also be converted to an estimated maximal oxygen uptake score using the calculator below and the following formulas, where the value "T" is the total time completed (expressed in minutes and fractions of a minute e.g. 9 minutes 15 seconds = 9.25 minutes). As with many exercise ...

  8. Multi-stage fitness test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-stage_fitness_test

    The multi-stage fitness test was first described by Luc Léger [6] with the original 1-minute protocol, which starts at a speed of 8.5 km/h, and increases by 0.5 km/h each minute. Other variations of the test have also been developed, where the protocol starts at a speed of 8.0 km/h and with either 1 or 2-minute stages, but the original ...

  9. Pacing strategies in track and field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacing_strategies_in_track...

    These optimal strategies differ for runners in sprint events, such as the 100 meters, runners in middle-distance events, such as the 800 meters or the mile run, [3] and runners in long-distance events, such as the 5000m [4] or marathon. [5] Additionally, pacing typically differs between different styles of races.