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The Lyapunov equation, named after the Russian mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov, is a matrix equation used in the stability analysis of linear dynamical systems. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In particular, the discrete-time Lyapunov equation (also known as Stein equation ) for X {\displaystyle X} is
General purpose numerical analysis library with C++, C#, Python, FreePascal interfaces. Armadillo [2] [3] NICTA: C++ 2009 12.6.6 / 10.2023 Free Apache License 2.0: C++ template library for linear algebra; includes various decompositions and factorisations; syntax is similar to MATLAB. ATLAS: R. Clint Whaley et al. C 2001 3.10.3 / 07.2016 Free BSD
Lyapunov functions are used extensively in control theory to ensure different forms of system stability. The state of a system at a particular time is often described by a multi-dimensional vector. A Lyapunov function is a nonnegative scalar measure of this multi-dimensional state.
The ordinary Lyapunov function is used to test whether a dynamical system is (Lyapunov) stable or (more restrictively) asymptotically stable. Lyapunov stability means that if the system starts in a state x ≠ 0 {\displaystyle x\neq 0} in some domain D , then the state will remain in D for all time.
A Lyapunov fractal is constructed by mapping the regions of stability and chaotic behaviour (measured using the Lyapunov exponent) in the a−b plane for given periodic sequences of a and b. In the images, yellow corresponds to λ < 0 {\displaystyle \lambda <0} (stability), and blue corresponds to λ > 0 {\displaystyle \lambda >0} (chaos).
The primary difference between a computer algebra system and a traditional calculator is the ability to deal with equations symbolically rather than numerically. The precise uses and capabilities of these systems differ greatly from one system to another, yet their purpose remains the same: manipulation of symbolic equations.
Python code for point trajectories [ edit ] import math import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np def main ( u : float , points = 200 , iterations = 1000 , nlim = 20 , limit = False , title = True ): """ Args: u:float ikeda parameter points:int number of starting points iterations:int number of iterations nlim:int plot these many last ...
GNU Octave is a scientific programming language for scientific computing and numerical computation.Octave helps in solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically, and for performing other numerical experiments using a language that is mostly compatible with MATLAB.