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D 0 is number of atoms of the daughter isotope in the original or initial composition, n is number of atoms of the parent isotope in the sample at the present, λ is the decay constant of the parent isotope, equal to the inverse of the radioactive half-life of the parent isotope [6] times the natural logarithm of 2, and
Tutorial illustration of isotope dilution analysis with fish counting in lakes. Isotope dilution is analogous to the mark and recapture method, commonly used in ecology to estimate population size. For instance, consider the determination of the number of fish (n A) in a lake. For the purpose of this example, assume all fish native to the lake ...
Certain isotopes can signify distinct primary producers forming the bases of food webs and trophic level positioning. The stable isotope compositions are expressed in terms of delta values (δ) in permil (‰), i.e. parts per thousand differences from a standard. They express the proportion of an isotope that is in a sample. The values are ...
A nuclide is a species of an atom with a specific number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus, for example, carbon-13 with 6 protons and 7 neutrons. The nuclide concept (referring to individual nuclear species) emphasizes nuclear properties over chemical properties, whereas the isotope concept (grouping all atoms of each element) emphasizes chemical over nuclear.
An example is water, whose hydrogen-related isotopologues are: "light water" (HOH or H 2 O), "semi-heavy water" with the deuterium isotope in equal proportion to protium (HDO or 1 H 2 HO), "heavy water" with two deuterium atoms (D 2 O or 2 H 2 O); and "super-heavy water" or tritiated water (T 2 O or 3 H 2 O, as well as HTO [1 H 3 HO] and DTO [2 ...
Equilibrium isotope fractionation is the partial separation of isotopes between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium fractionation is strongest at low temperatures, and (along with kinetic isotope effects) forms the basis of the most widely used isotopic paleothermometers (or climate proxies): D/H and 18 O/ 16 O records from ice cores, and 18 O/ 16 O records from calcium ...
Nitrogen-15, or 15 N, is often used in agricultural and medical research, for example in the Meselson–Stahl experiment to establish the nature of DNA replication. [12] An extension of this research resulted in development of DNA-based stable-isotope probing, which allows examination of links between metabolic function and taxonomic identity of microorganisms in the environment, without the ...
Radioactive isotopes are used in medicine for both treatment and diagnostic scans. The most common isotope used in diagnostic scans is Technetium-99m, used in approximately 85% of all nuclear medicine diagnostic scans worldwide. It is used for diagnoses involving a large range of body parts and diseases such as cancers and neurological problems ...
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