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Wampum is a traditional shell bead of the Eastern Woodlands tribes of Native Americans. It includes white shell beads hand-fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell and white and purple beads made from the quahog or Western North Atlantic hard-shelled clam. In New York, wampum beads have been discovered dating before 1510. [1]
The earliest beads are larger when compared to later beads and those of wampum, with hand drilled holes. The use of the more slender iron drills much improved drilling. "Wampum" is a Wampanoag word referring to the white shells of the channeled whelk shell. The term now refers to both those and the purple beads from quahog clamshells. [19]
The wampum belt consists of black or purplish and white beads made of shells. Found in the Northeast of America, quahog clam shells are often used for the black and sometimes the white beads of these belts. Most often, the Iroquois used various types of whelk shells for the white beads. Wampum figures in the story of Hiawatha.
Iroquois Chiefs from the Six Nations Reserve reading wampum belts in Brantford, Ontario in 1871. Joseph Snow, Onondaga chief, is first on the left. The Onondaga practice the sprinkling of ashes when juggling the treatment of the sick. [15] They also do a public confession of sins upon a string of wampum (shell beads). [15]
Hale documented the oral history and rituals of the Iroquois Confederacy. He was assisted in interpreting the group's wampum belts, which recounted their history. [3] As a result of this work, he published The Iroquois Book of Rites (1883). He also studied the Iroquois languages, determining that Mohawk was the oldest.
Haudenosaunee flag created in the 1980s, based on the Hiawatha wampum belt "created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace." [4] It represents the original five nations that were united by the Peacemaker and Hiawatha.
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