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One of the first studies made on soil salinity and plant response was published in the USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 60, 1954. [4] More than 20 years later Maas and Hoffman published the results of an extensive study on salt tolerance. [5] In 2001, a Canadian study provided a substantial amount of additional data. [6]
As salinity increases within a freshwater ecosystem, often this results in a decrease of biota diversity and richness. [19] The extinction rate for freshwater organisms are among the highest worldwide, [3] and as salinity levels in these aquatic ecosystems continue to increase, more species and their environments will become threatened.
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. [1] Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean.
Dryland salinity is a natural process for soil, just like other processes such as wind erosion. Salinity degrades land by an increase in soil salt concentration in the environment, watercourse or soil in unirrigated landscapes, being in excess of normal soil salt concentrations in dryland regions.
The standard for the determination of soil salinity is from an extract of a saturated paste of the soil, and the EC is then written as ECe. The extract is obtained by centrifugation. The salinity can more easily be measured, without centrifugation, in a 2:1 or 5:1 water:soil mixture (in terms of g water per g dry soil) than from a saturated paste.
The environmental impact of agriculture is the effect that different farming practices have on the ecosystems around them, and how those effects can be traced back to those practices. [1] The environmental impact of agriculture varies widely based on practices employed by
The reason is that the deeper systems produce a more salty effluent than the shallow systems. Environmental criteria may then prohibit the use of the deeper systems. In some drainage projects, one may find that only main drainage systems are envisaged. The agricultural land is then still likely to suffer from field drainage problems.
^) The crop performs well (no yield reduction) up to the soil salinity level listed in the table. Beyond that level, the yield goes down. The main difference with the classification published by Richards in the USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 60, 1954 [4] is that the classes are narrower with steps of 2 dS/m instead of 4.